Για το τελευταίο έχεις δίκιο. Δικό μου λάθος εκ παραδρομής. Παραθέτω από wikipedia :
"Mantle is a low-level rendering API targeted at 3D video games. Mantle was originally developed by AMD in cooperation with DICE starting in 2013. Mantle was designed as an alternative to Direct3D and OpenGL, primarily for use on personal computers, although the GPUs present in the PlayStation 4 and the Xbox One are supported by Mantle. According to AMD, Mantle will make a slight shift in focus after March 2015 to other areas since the Mantle-derived Vulkan API from the Khronos Group is largely replacing it in the gaming space. While supported in drivers for two years, the Mantle API itself was not made public until March 2015."
Επίσης στο extremetech υπάρχει η αναφορά :
" All of the capabilities of Mantle — and DirectX 12 — are also built into Vulkan."
Τέλος στο community site της AMD θα βρεις :
"The cross-vendor Khronos Group has chosen the best and brightest parts of Mantle to serve as the foundation for “Vulkan,” the exciting next version of the storied OpenGL API.
WHAT THIS MEANS
OpenGL has long and deservedly commanded respect for being a fast, versatile and wide open API that works on all graphics vendors across multiple operating systems.
Meanwhile, Mantle has seen acclaim for many improvements in gaming and game development: higher framerates, reduced rendering latency, reduced GPU power consumption, better use of multi-core CPUs, and re-pioneering new features like split-frame rendering.
Vulkan combines and extensively iterates on these characteristics as one new and uniquely powerful graphics API. And as the product of an incredible collaboration between many industry hardware and software vendors, Vulkan paves the way for a renaissance in cross-platform and cross-vendor PC games with exceptional performance, image quality and features."Open” and “flexible” technologies are an essential piece of AMD’s DNA, and we have a long history in supporting those ideals. Our co-development of the Vulkan API through contributions like Mantle is another chapter in that open technology tale for AMD, an exciting evolution of Mantle, and a big step forward for PC gamers alike.
Stay tuned for more information on the specifics of Vulkan from the Khronos Group! We’ll be working hard to make it a fascinating story in the meantime.
Robert Hallock is the Head of Global Technical Marketing at AMD"
Το Vulkan ειναι μετεξέλιξη του Mantle και όχι αντιγραφή του ξεπερνά (βάση των αναφορών τουλάχιστον) και το ίδιο το DX12.
Το ωραίο είναι ότι με την έλευση των Windows 10 έχουμε να δούμε πολλές αλλαγές και στο χώρο του gaming με την υιοθέτηση των παραπάνω APIs. Και όλα αυτά προς το καλύτερο.